The international community has paid great attention in recent years to the protection of the environment from pollution, hence the duty to protect individuals, individual states and the community appeared, because the fight against pollution is achieved only with the cooperation of states and individuals in the face of an enemy that does not recognize
Therefore, in the field of pollution control, individuals and countries should know their role not only in the control, but also with the pollution they cause to the environment by their actions, and one of the most important ways for individuals to combat pollution is to minimize its events in their daily practice .
Despite the many laws that countries put in place to combat pollution, but they will not reach their goal only through cooperation between individuals and states to bring about a change in behavior that leads to reducing and preventing environmental pollution , as with the progress and growth of industry, there is an increase in waste and industrial waste to a degree that represents a threat to public health in some industrialized countries and their neighboring countries, to which pollution is transmitted by Weather factors .
As a result of the importance of the problem of pollution, several international conferences have been held to confront this danger and to coordinate between countries in combating it, the most important of these conferences are: -
The United Nations conference on the human environment, which was held in Stockholm, Sweden, from يونيو – يونيو June ١٩٧٢, the countries at this conference stressed the importance of cooperation among themselves to combat the threat of pollution .
Such cooperation includes multiple areas to avoid pollution from areas beyond the territorial jurisdiction of each state, as well as the fear of consequences and the geographically unlimited impact of hazardous activities on humanity, as well as the need for an international contribution to the conservation of waterways, there is no doubt that such international cooperation can bear good fruit through international organizations and in addition We find that there are many international problems such as the problem of desertification, pollution of cities and the waste of preserving the traces of human civilization and others, and countries have demanded to integrate them into the conservation programs of the “human environment ” .
If we follow the international conferences, cooperation programs and international institutions that seek to counter pollution, we find that they call for increased attention to the rules of public international law, especially with regard to the protection of human interests and the preservation of environmental cleanliness .
There is no doubt that the branch of public international law concerned with regulating the relations of states with regard to Environmental Protection has been subjected to a severe influx in multiple studies from groups of scholars as well as individuals interested in Environmental Affairs .
These studies have clarified many points of view regarding the study of international environmental problems, however, these studies and research, despite their large number, there is no coordination among them because they were mostly carried out by individuals with different interests, and therefore these studies did not reach a fixed definition of some words and scientific terms used such as ” pollution ” . Therefore, it is necessary to make a scientific attempt to reach coordination between these studies and to try to reach a definition of the different scientific words and terms by studying them and determining their dimensions in the field of scientific research in general and in the field of international environmental law in particular .
Since the industrial progress in recent times has affected human societies and made it possible to convert energy and various riches into materials consumed by man, therefore, new interests have emerged in the nature of the relationship between man and the surrounding environment, and this relationship began with the influence of economic and social factors that pushed man to preserve living organisms of animals, plants and He was great both in trafficking them, in using them as a means of transportation, or as tools to help him work in agriculture and other human interests at that time .
Recently, man's interest in the environment has changed as a result of the changing conditions affecting it due to scientific and industrial progress and the resulting waste that has affected the environment, which is no longer limited to spoiling the economic and social life of man, but has become a threat to the continuation of his existence and livelihood on Earth .
The decline of some natural resources such as food, clean water and energy, as well as the rapid growth of the world's population, have made it difficult to obtain the requirements of daily life .
The multiple evidences that indicate an increase in pollution have called into question the extent to which the well-known scientific means that convert raw materials into products consumed by humans can succeed in pursuing the quantities of consumption, as raw materials have become in a steady and severe decline to increase pollution-and that is why new theories have emerged calling for a reassessment of current consumption methods and suggesting new ways of consumption .
Since the problem of pollution and environmental protection around the globe is a purely scientific issue that concerns workers and specialists in this field of scientists, researchers and scholars, with 1968, this problem began to shift from the scientific level to the political level and countries began to discover the extent of the unity of the Earth in their interest in maintaining environmental cleanliness because pollution affects everyone and.
The cornerstone of this political beginning to confront pollution was the international conference organized by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization ( UNESCO ) for specialized experts to study the scientific foundations for the use and conservation of wealth and living organisms on the globe, from 4 to 13 September 1968, this conference was attended by representatives of 62 countries as well as a number of representatives of organizations International .
It was made clear through the work of the conference and its final report that there is no clear or easy answer to the problems of the environment, and therefore it was considered one of the important international meetings that explained to different countries the seriousness of the increase in pollution as well as the importance of the international collective response to this problem .
The main objective of the conference was to try to coordinate international and national scientific efforts to embody the risks that threaten the environment and to find a plan agreed by the governments of the countries to apply internally to face these risks .
Therefore, the conference proposed the establishment of an organized program among governments to coordinate among themselves the ways of proper use and preservation of the wealth of the vital sphere of the Earth .
This program was established by UNESCO as the ” man and biosphere program” ” The Man and Biosphere Program .
The delegations participating in this conference explicitly recognized the importance of international cooperation at the level of governments to confront the threat of pollution, but we did not find any clear focus on calling on states to review domestic laws and regulations to limit or prevent individual and collective actions that lead to increased pollution of the environment .
However, the final report of the conference warned that if you want to reach positive results in environmental protection, you need a serious, bold and clear start at the national and international levels .
Of course, it was not expected that there would be immediate changes in the policies of countries after the end of the conference, but it is known that any success of this program depends mainly on the desire of governments to direct their policies in accordance with the conclusions drawn from the conference .
Here a question arises that is difficult to reach a unified and clear answer to, which is the extent of the power of Science and modern scientific results to influence the policy of countries .
Are countries changing their policies to achieve the general interest of the international community
There is no doubt that these questions are important for any scientific and political work, because they must affect each other, because scientific, political and economic factors determine the nature of relations between states, as well as affect the formation of the norms of public international law. There is no doubt that the international legal norms on Environmental Protection are a clear example of the interaction of scientific, political, economic and legal factors in the international community .
The scientific attempts that have been made to reach a definition and identification of pollution problems in the international field clearly show us that there is no agreement on these problems either in terms of their definition or nature .
A large number of researchers have made many attempts in this field, and there is still a great need for further study and research not only of the factors that lead to the problem of the environment being considered an international problem of a special and important nature, but also more research and study of the problem itself .
